Normality ↔ Molarity
Convert between normality (N) and molarity (M) with the right n-factor. Pick a reagent to load its equivalents-per-mole, or set the n-factor yourself.
How to use this tool
Switch a concentration between molarity (moles per litre) and normality (reactive equivalents per litre). The only twist is the n-factor, how many equivalents each mole supplies, and the tool sets it for you from the reagent.
What to enter
- Reagent: pick one to auto-load its n-factor, or choose "Custom" to set it by hand.
- n-factor: equivalents per mole: protons for an acid, hydroxides for a base, electrons for a redox titrant. Editable for a non-standard reaction.
- Molarity or Normality: type into either box; the other recalculates instantly using N = M × n.
Reading the result
You get both concentrations side by side, normality and molarity: plus the relationship used (N = M × n). Whichever field you edited drives the other.
Worked example
Sulfuric acid donates two protons, so its n-factor is 2: a 1 M H₂SO₄ solution is 2 N. (KMnO₄ in acid has n = 5, so 1 M would be 5 N.)
Reagent
Result
Normality counts reactive equivalents; molarity counts moles. They differ only by the n-factor, so a diprotic acid like H₂SO₄ is twice as normal as it is molar. Reach for normality when a titration is specified in equivalents.
Methodology
Normality = molarity × n-factor, where the n-factor is the number of reactive equivalents per mole: protons donated for an acid, hydroxides for a base, or electrons transferred for a redox titrant. For example H₂SO₄ has n = 2 (two protons), KMnO₄ in acid has n = 5 (five electrons).
Known limits
- The n-factor depends on the specific reaction, e.g. H₃PO₄ acts as n = 1, 2, or 3 depending on the endpoint. The presets give the common case; override when needed.